The impact of Urbanization on Sustainable Development in Africa by applying to Egypt and South Africa (a comparative study)

       The urbanization process does not involve mere migration from the countryside to cities, but must be accompanied by the settlement of manufacturing operations in those cities, with the strengthening of public services and the provision of infrastructure to ensure the achievement of sustainable development goals. And industry as a major economic activity for development, more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas and this number is still increasing, and according to United Nations reports that about 60 percent of people will live in urban cities. Urbanization by 2030 in the continents of Asia and Africa will represent one billion people, and urbanization in these two continents is a process of transformation that will permanently alter their economic, environmental, social and political trajectories. The Sustainable Development Goals state that cities must be safe, inclusive, resilient, sustainable and meticulously planned to address many risks: climate impacts, waste management, environmental disaster risks, pollution, crime, social conflict, transportation and traffic problems, as well as environmental, economic, political, social and cultural impacts The results of the EVIEWS 12 program using the ARDL test showed that urbanization in the short term has a significant impact on the indicators of sustainable development in Egypt, in its economic and social dimensions. R² = 99%, and it was found that there was a negative moral effect on the environmental side, where the value of R² = 63%, and in the long run, it was found that there was a co-integration where the calculated F value was 14.32037, which is greater than the Upper Critical Bound (UCB) limit value The highest (I₁) at a significant level of 1%, while the indicators of urbanization had a significant positive effect in the short term in South Africa on life expectancy at birth (sustainable development in the dimension of (the social aspect), where the value of R² = 99%, and it was also clear that there was a negative impact on carbon emissions per capita (environmental aspect), but its impact was not clear in the long term on the average per capita GDP, due to the lack of cointegration, as it reached The calculated F value is 2.553414 which is less than the lower limit (I₀).